目前的尺寸范围为 0.5 mm 至 3 mm（圆形截面），有棒状、卷轴、带状和阵列等形式可供选择。亦可根据要求提供定制设计和规格。2mm 以下的纤维仅以棒状形式提供，以防止纤维保留卷轴的形状。
闪烁纤维非常适合工业测量、热量计、实时成像系统等应用。
可灵活地适应各种表面形状，产生优于其他类型探测器的几何形状。例如，用于监测管道或桶的探测器。
Fibers
- Applications
- Scintillating Fibers
- Wavelength-Shifting Fibers
- Material & Structure
- Forms/Configurations
High Energy Physics (HEP)
Calorimeters and tracking systems (trackers) are two of the most common HEP systems that use scintillating and wavelength-shifting (WLS) fibers.
Calorimeters measure the energy of electrons, photons and hadrons. The electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) and the hadronic calorimeter (HCAL) are two significant calorimeters that make up part of most modern high energy physics detectors. Most large, modern detectors have both an electromagnetic calorimeter and a hadronic calorimeter.
Tracking systems are used to track the trajectory of electrically charged particles within particle detectors. Historically, these types of systems were solid state trackers (also known as silicon trackers), which began in 1980 with the advent of semiconductors.
Due to improvements in SiPM technology, scintillating fiber trackers are becoming more widespread and offer significant benefits over silicon trackers. These include a faster, lower cost, flexible detector that can operate in radiation hard environments with similar resolution to silicon trackers.
Muon Detection
What is a Muon? Muons are found in the cosmic radiation near the earth’s surface. Scintillating fibers are an efficient material for utilizing muons to visualize and inspect bridge structures. This muon tomography technology is new and will continue to improve for use in many other applications.
Fibers have been used in canes spools and ribbons as a great solution for these projects.
Industrial Gauging
Our fibers are used in conjunction with an x-ray source to measure the contents within enclosed containers. Breweries to chemical suppliers and beyond, the need to measure the contents within enclosed containers without exposure or contamination.
Recreation
A little-known use for "colored" fiber is for bow site archery. The fiber collects the low ambient light to provide a lighted site pin to line up the target.
The BCF-XL series of scintillating fibers has improved, market-leading attenuation length for optimal, reliable performance in a wide range of applications. Additionally, Luxium can customize new formulations to meet your specific needs.
Formulations
| Fiber Type | Emission Color | Emission Peak, nm | Decay Time, ns |
Attenuation Length (m)** |
Applications | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCF-10XL | blue | 432 | 2.7 | >4 |
For use with PMTs or p-on-n SiPMs Timing applications such as coincidence or time-of-flight |
Fast response, narrow Stokes shift |
| BCF-12XL | blue | 435 | 3.2 | >4 | Particle tracking, calorimeter panels, position sensitive detectors, muon tomography, nuclear gauging | Wide Stokes shift for less self-absorption in long fibers |
| BCF-9998XL | blue | 435 | 3.2 | >4 | Like BCF-12XL, but for smaller detectors needing shorter fibers | High brightness in short fibers (<0.5m) |
| BCF-20XL | green | 492 | 2.7 | >4 |
For use with green sensitive photosenors such as Si photo-diodes Timing applications such as coincidence or time-of-flight |
Green emitter, fast response |
| BCF-60XL | green | 530 | 7 | >4 | High radiation environments | Radiation hard secondary fluor (3HF) |
* For Minimum Ionizing Particle (MIP), corrected for PMT sensitivity
** For 1mm diameter fiber, measured using Silicon Photodiode
Emission Spectra
Samples
Luxium Solutions provides the following scintillating fiber samples in 0.5mm or 1.00mm diameter in 1m length canes. Custom diameters and lengths may be available upon request.
BCF-12XL
BCF-9998XL
BCF-20XL
BCF-60XL
The BCF-XL series of wavelength-shifting fibers has improved, market-leading attenuation length for optimal, reliable performance in a wide range of applications. Additionally, Luxium can customize new formulations to meet your specific needs.
Formulations
| Fiber Type | Emission Color | Absorption Peak, nm | Emission Peak, nm | Decay Time, ns |
Attenuation Length (m)** |
Applications | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCF-91AXL | green | 423 | 494 | 12 | >4 |
Converting and transporting blue scintillation light to photosensors. Threading through large plastic bars and slabs. |
Absorbs blue light and re-emits as green. |
| BCF-92XL | green | 407 | 492 | 2.7 | >4 | Timing applications such as coincidence and time-of-flight. | Fast blue to green shifter |
| BCF-9929AXL | green | 407 | 492 | 2.7 | >4 | High resolution position sensitive panels, particle tracking, aiming pins | For small diameter fibers (Ø≤0.5mm) = higher photon output for higher resolution needs |
| BCF-9995XL | blue | 344 | 450 | 2.7 | >4 |
Converting and transporting UV light to photosensors Threading through or along UV emitting scintillators such as LXe, LAr, or BaF2. |
Absorbs UVB light and re-emits as visible blue |
| BCF-9906A | orange | 434 | 540 | 21.6 | - |
Converting and transporting green scintillation light to photosensors. Threading through or along green emitting scintillators such as BGO or CsI(Tl). |
Absorbs blue - green light and re-emits as orange |
| BCF-99172 | red | 573 | 605 | 22.6 | - |
Use with n-on-p SiPMs or solar blind photodetectors. Use for aiming pins or decorative purposes. |
Absorbs green - yellow light re-emits as red |
Optical Fibers
| Fiber Type | Emission Color | Emission Peak, nm | Decay Time, ns | # of Photons per MeV* |
Attenuation Length (m)** |
Applications | Characteristics |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| BCF-98 | n/a | n/a | n/a | n/a | Not Available |
* For Minimum Ionizing Particle (MIP), corrected for PMT sensitivity
** For 1mm diameter fiber, measured using Silicon Photodiode
Absorption and Emission Spectra
Samples
Luxium Solutions provides the following scintillating fiber samples in 0.5mm or 1.00mm diameter in 1m length canes. Custom diameters and lengths may be available upon request.
BCF-9995XL
BCF-91AXL
BCF-92XL
BCF-9929AXL
The BCF-XL series of wavelength-shifting fibers has improved, market-leading attenuation length for optimal, reliable performance in a wide range of applications. Additionally, Luxium can customize new formulations to meet your specific needs.
Core:
The scintillating core is polystyrene-based and contains a combination of fluorescent dopants selected to produce the desired scintillation, optical and radiation resistance characteristics. Often, one property is enhanced while another is mildly compromised. In small fibers (< 0.5mm), the fluor concentration may be increased on request, usually at the expense of light attenuation length. These fibers yield about 8,000 photons per MeV deposited.
Core Specifications |
Value |
| Core Material | Polystyrene |
| Core Refractive Index | 1.60 |
| Density | 1.05 g/cm3 |
| No. of H Atoms per CC | 4.82 x 1022 |
| No. of C Atoms per CC | 4.85 x 1022 |
| No. of Electrons per CC | 3.4 x 1023 |
| Operating Temperature | -20°C to +50°C |
| Vacuum Compatible | Yes |
Cladding:
PMMA (polymethylmethacrylate, C5 H8 O2) is the standard cladding material for Luxium Solutions’ fibers. It has a density of 1.2 g/cc and a refractive index of 1.49. The refractive indices of the core and cladding and the cross sectional shape of the fiber determine the trapping efficiency. In round fibers, the trapping efficiency also depends on the distance between the fiber axis and the scintillation event. The trapping efficiency of Luxium Solutions’ round fibers ranges from 3.4% for events occurring at the fiber axis to approximately 7% for events near the core-cladding interface.
Core Specifications |
Value |
| Cladding Material | Acrylic |
| Cladding Refractive Index | 1.49 |
| Cladding Thickness (Round Fibers) | 3% of Fiber Diameter |
| Numerical Aperture | 0.58 |
| Trapping Efficiency (Round Fibers) | 3.44% Minimum |
| Radiation Length | 42 cm |
Cross-section:
All Luxium fiber formulations can be manufactured in round or square dimensions.
Round Fiber Specifications |
Value |
| Available Diameters* | 0.5 - 3mm |
| Diameter Tolerance | +/- 2% |
| Trapping Efficiency | 3.44% Minimum |
| Cladding Thickness | 3% of Fiber Diameter |
* Diameters outside this range could be considered based on business justification/feasibility.
*Square fibers are not offered as XL.
Luxium fibers are available in spools, canes or ribbons and can manufactured to various dimensions.
Spools
- Available in 0.5 – 2mm diameter (>2mm diameter cannot be spooled, must be canes)
- Diameters outside this range could be considered based on business justification/feasibility
Canes
- Available in 0.5 – 4.5m* lengths
- Available in rough-cut (standard) or diamond-milled end finish (additional cost)
- Rough cut end length tolerance: +2/-0 mm
- Diamond-milled end length tolerance: +/- 0.25mm
Ribbons
- Available for all standard formulations and sizes
- Standard Ribbon Length: 50 (2”) – 3300 (130”) mm
- Width: 508mm (20”) maximum
- Ribbon standard end finish options
- Rough-Cut Finish: +/- 12.7mm (+/- 0.5”)
- Diamond-Mill Finish:
- <2m ribbon length: +/- 0.25mm
- >2m ribbon length: +/- 1mm
*Non-standard process of Diamond-Mill Finish may be supplied at additional cost and lead time.
常见问题解答
纤维光输出是如何定义的？
我们将光输出定义为每 MeV 的光子数，即最小电离粒子数，对于 BCF-12 来说大约是 8000。 电离粒子越密集，每单位能量发出的光就越少。
纤维卷轴的尺寸是多少？
纤维被缠绕在一个外径为 30" (762mm) x 27.4"、芯长 (698.5mm) x 2.25" (57mm)、中心孔为 1" (50.8mm) 的卷轴上。它可以容纳 1000 米的 1 毫米纤维。
纤维闪烁体对中子敏感吗？
所有纤维闪烁体都对通过质子反冲的快中子敏感。
纤维闪烁体的典型弯曲半径是多少？
典型的弯曲半径是纤维闪烁体本身直径的 30-40 倍。
纤维闪烁体的温度下限是多少？
工作温度的下限尚未确定，但已经有研究实验室在低至约 4 摄氏度的温度下使用纤维闪烁体。 纤维闪烁体在低温下会丧失柔韧性。
